Physics Module for Pre-University Remedial Program

WACHEMO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE Department of Physics

Physics Module for Pre-University Remedial Program for ESSLCE Examinees

Prepared By
Teshome Gerbaba (PhD, Wachemo University)
Tesfaye Tadele (MSc, Wachemo University)
Mathewos Tulore (PhD Candidate, Wachemo
University)
Edited by
Adane Tadese (MSc, Wachemo University)

Contents
Contents ii
1 Vectors 1
1.1 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Vector and Scalar quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Vector Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Vector Addition and subsection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.4 Vector Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.5 Unit Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 Multiplication of vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 Scalar-vector multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.2 Dot product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.3 Cross Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Kinematics 13
2.1 Kinematics of the particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 One or two dimensional (2D) motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.2 Motion in 1D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.3 Two dimension (2D) motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3 Angular Motion 29
3.1 Angular Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.1 Rotational Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4 Dynamics 35
4.1 Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2 linear momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.2.1 Conservation of Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2.2 Collision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3 Center of Mass and Moment of Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3.1 Center of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3.2 Moment of Inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.4 Torque and angular momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.5 Conditions of Equilibrium (First and second) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5 Work, Energy and Power 51
5.1 Work done by constant and variable forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.1.1 Work done by a variable force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2 Conservation of energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.3 Work energy theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
ii
CONTENTS 1
5.4 Conservative forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.5 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6 Oscillation and Waves 61
6.1 Oscillatory motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6.1.1 Harmonic Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
6.1.2 Damped and Forced Oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.2 Properties of wave (frequency, wave length, period) . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.3 Types of Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.3.1 Transverse and longitudinal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.3.2 Mechanical and Electromagnetic wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.4 Wave behavior (reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction) . . . . . 71
6.5 Wave equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
7 Heat and thermodynamics 77
7.1 Temperature and Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.2 The effect of heat on materials (change of Temperature, expansion,
change of phase, heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.2.1 Specific Heat and Latent Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
7.3 Laws of thermodynamics (zeros, first and second Laws) . . . . . . . . . 85
7.3.1 Zeros Laws of thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
7.3.2 First Laws of thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8 Electrostatics 89
8.1 Coulomb’s law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.2 Electric Field (E) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
8.2.1 Electric Field Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
8.3 Electric Field Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.4 Electric potential of a point charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
8.4.1 Motion of charged particles in an electric field . . . . . . . . . . 99
8.5 Capacitance and Capacitor networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
8.6 The Parallel Plate Capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
8.6.1 Energy Stored in a Capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
8.7 Capacitance net work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

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